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AuthorTitleYearJournal/ProceedingsReftypeDOI/URL
Berger, A.L., Pietra, V.J.D. & Pietra, S.A.D. A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing 1996 Comput. Linguist.
Vol. 22(1), pp. 39-71 
article URL 
Bird, S., Klein, E. & Loper, E. Natural language processing with Python 2009   book  
Brashear, H., Henderson, V., Park, K., Hamilton, H., Lee, S. & Starner, T. American sign language recognition in game development for deaf children 2006 Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, pp. 79-86  inproceedings  
Cox, S., Lincoln, M., Tryggvason, J., Nakisa, M., Wells, M., Tutt, M. & Abbott, S. The Development and Evaluation of a Speech-to-Sign Translation System to Assist Transactions 2003 International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
Vol. 16(2), pp. 141-161 
article DOI URL 
Crasborn, O., van der Hulst, H. & van der Kooij, E. SignPhon: A phonological database for sign languages 2001 Sign language & linguistics
Vol. 4(1-2), pp. 1-2 
article  
Crasborn, O., van der Hulst, H. & van der Kooij, E. SignPhon: A phonological database for sign languages 2001 Sign language & linguistics
Vol. 4(1-2), pp. 1-2 
article  
Crasborn, O., Mesch, J., Waters, D., Nonhebel, A., van der Kooij, E., Woll, B. & Bergman, B. Sharing sign language data online: Experiences from the ECHO project 2007 International journal of corpus linguistics
Vol. 12(4), pp. 535-562 
article  
Crystal, D. Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2011   book URL 
Dreuw, P., Rybach, D., Deselaers, T., Zahedi, M. & Ney, H. Speech recognition techniques for a sign language recognition system 2007 Eighth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association  inproceedings  
Efthimiou, E., Fotinea, S. & Sapountzaki, G. Feature-based natural language processing for GSL synthesis 2007 Sign Language & 38; Linguistics
Vol. 10(1), pp. 3-23 
article  
Friedman, L.A. Space, Time, and Person Reference in American Sign Language 1975 Language
Vol. 51(4), pp. pp. 940-961 
article URL 
Grieve-Smith, A. SignSynth: A sign language synthesis application using Web3D and Perl 2002 Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 37-53  article  
Haddow, B. Principles of Machine Translation 2012 Online  misc URL 
Hanke, T. HamNoSys—Representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts 2004 Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages on the occasion of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Lisbon, Portugal  inproceedings  
Harms, R. Introduction to phonological theory 1968   book  
Helm, R., Marruitt, K. & Odersky, M. Building visual language parsers 1991 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Reaching through technology, pp. 105-112  inproceedings  
Hoiting, N. & Slobin, D. Transcription as a tool for understanding: The Berkeley Transcription System for sign language research (BTS) 2002 Directions in sign language acquisition, pp. 55-75  article  
Huenerfauth, M. Generating american sign language classifier predicates for english-to-asl machine translation 2006 School: University of Pennsylvania  phdthesis  
Huenerfauth, M. Spatial representation of classifier predicates for machine translation into american sign language 2004 Proceedings of the Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Signed Languages, 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2004)  inproceedings  
Huenerfauth, M. A multi-path architecture for machine translation of English text into American Sign language animation 2004 Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at HLT-NAACL 2004, pp. 25-30  inproceedings  
Huenerfauth, M. A survey and critique of american sign language natural language generation and machine translation systems 2003   techreport  
Hutchins, W.J. Machine translation Encyclopedia of Computer Science, pp. 1059-1066  incollection URL 
Kennaway, R. Synthetic animation of deaf signing gestures 2002 Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 149-174  article  
Kiernan, V. Linguists hope a new computer program will advance the study of sign language 1997 The Chronicle of Higher Education, November
Vol. 7, pp. A27 
article  
Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cowan, B., Shen, W., Moran, C., Zens, R. & others Moses: Open source toolkit for statistical machine translation 2007
Vol. 45(2)Annual meeting-association for computational linguistics, pp. 2 
inproceedings  
Lee, S., Henderson, V., Brashear, H., Starner, T., Hamilton, S. & Hamilton, H. User-centered development of a gesture-based American Sign Language game 2005 Instructional Technology and Education of the Deaf Symposium, Rochester, NY  inproceedings  
Liddell, S. & Johnson, R. American sign language: The phonological base 1989   book  
Mandel, M. ASCII-Stokoe notation: A computer-writeable transliteration system for Stokoe notation of American Sign Language 1983   misc  
Martin, J. About The Stokoe System   misc URL 
Mesthrie, R. Language in South Africa 2002   book  
Moemedi, K. Rendering an Avatar from Sign Writing Notation for Sign Language Animation 2010 School: University of the Western Cape  phdthesis  
Morrissey, S. Data-driven machine translation for sign languages 2008 School: Dublin City University  phdthesis  
Morrissey, S. & Way, A. An example-based approach to translating sign language 2005   article  
Naidoo, N. South African Sign Language Recognition Using Feature Vectors and Hidden Markov Models 2010 School: University of the Western Cape  phdthesis  
Olivrin, G. Sign language for the information society: an ICT roadmap for South African Sign Language 2008   article  
Ong, S. & Ranganath, S. Automatic sign language analysis: A survey and the future beyond lexical meaning 2005 Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on
Vol. 27(6), pp. 873-891 
article  
Parton, B. Sign language recognition and translation: A multidisciplined approach from the field of artificial intelligence 2006 Journal of deaf studies and deaf education
Vol. 11(1), pp. 94-101 
article  
Penn, C., Commerford, A. & Ogilvy, D. Spatial and facial processing in the signed discourse of two groups of deaf signers with clinical language impairment 2007 Clinical linguistics & phonetics
Vol. 21(5), pp. 369-391 
article  
da Rocha Costa, A. & Dimuro, G. A SignWriting-based approach to sign language processing 2001 Proceedings from GW, pp. 202-212  article  
Sapountzaki, G. Free functional elements of Tense, Aspect, Modality and Agreement as possible auxiliaries in Greek Sign Language 2007 Sign Language & 38; Linguistics
Vol. 10(1), pp. 91-99 
article  
Shriberg, E. Spontaneous speech: How people really talk and why engineers should care 2005 Ninth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology  inproceedings  
Slevinski, S.E. Modern SignWriting 2012   electronic URL 
Suszczanska, N., Szmal, P. & Francik, J. Translating Polish texts into sign language in the TGT system 2002 Proc. of the 20th IASTED Multiconference Applied Informatics, Innsbruck, Austria  article  
Suszczanska, N., Szmal, P. & Kulikow, S. Continuous text translation using text modeling in the thetos system 2005 International Journal of Computational Intelligence
Vol. 1(4), pp. 255-258 
article  
Sutton, V. About SignWriting   misc URL 
Sutton, V. Why Write Sign Language?   misc URL 
Sáfár, É. & Marshall, I. The architecture of an English-text-to-Sign-Languages translation system 2001   article  
Valli, C. & Lucas, C. Linguistics of American sign language: An introduction 2000   book  
Van Herreweghe, M. & Vermeerbergen, M. Deaf perspectives on communicative practices in South Africa: institutional language policies in educational settings 2010 Text & Talk-An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies
Vol. 30(2), pp. 125-144 
article  
Van Zijl, L. & Barker, D. South african sign language machine translation system 2003 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa, pp. 49-52  inproceedings  
Veale, T. & Conway, A. Cross modal comprehension in ZARDOZ an English to sign-language translation system 1994 Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, pp. 249-252  inproceedings URL 
Verlinden, M., Tijsseling, C. & Frowein, H. A Signing Avatar on the WWW 2002 Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 175-199  article  
Vogler, C. American sign language recognition: reducing the complexity of the task with phoneme-based modeling and parallel hidden markov models 2003   article  
Vogler, C. & Metaxas, D. Handshapes and movements: Multiple-channel american sign language recognition 2004 Gesture-Based Communication in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 431-432  article  
Vogler, C. & Metaxas, D. Parallel hidden markov models for american sign language recognition 1999
Vol. 1Computer Vision, 1999. The Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on, pp. 116-122 
inproceedings  
Vogler, C. & Metaxas, D. Toward scalability in ASL recognition: Breaking down signs into phonemes 1999 Gesture-Based Communication in Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 211-224  article  
Vogler, C. & Metaxas, D. ASL recognition based on a coupling between HMMs and 3D motion analysis 1998 Computer Vision, 1998. Sixth International Conference on, pp. 363-369  inproceedings  
Welgemoed, J. A prototype machine translation system 2006 School: MSc thesis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa  phdthesis  
Zahedi, M. & Manashty, A. Robust Sign Language Recognition System Using ToF Depth Cameras 2011 arXiv preprint arXiv:1105.0699  article  
Zhao, L., Kipper, K., Schuler, W., Vogler, C., Badler, N. & Palmer, M. A machine translation system from English to American Sign Language 2000 Envisioning Machine Translation in the Information Future, pp. 191-193  article  
  misc URL 
American Sign Langauge University   misc URL 

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